Birds, bees and what people can do to help them

The impending extinction of bees, butterflies, and other pollinators could cost the world hundreds of billions in food crops if nothing is done to stop it, according to a new scientific report from the United Nations.
The report is based on the work of scientists around the world. It includes no new research, but draws on scientific studies from scientists working with a number of UN agencies to provide information on biodiversity.
Some 124 nations approved the report, written by a body called the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which met last month in Kuala Lumpur.
The report's findings were chilling for lead author Simon Potts. "We are in a period of decline and there are going to be increasing consequences," he told AP.
According to the new report, two in five species of invertebrate pollinators (such as bees) are on the road to extinction. One in six species of vertebrate pollinators (such as hummingbirds) are facing the same fate.
The consequences go beyond the disappearance of species. Scientists say that popular foods like coffee, apples, and blueberries could be threatened. The report found that between $235 billion and $577 billion of the world's food crops make it to market because of pollinators. The loss of that revenue, and food, could be devastating for farmers and the world.
Yet for all the concern, the causes of the problem are murky. The report identified several possible culprits, such as disease, the spread of cities, declining crop diversity, the use of pesticides (particularly the neonicotinoid pesticide), and global warming. Addressing the problem will require an equally diverse range of solutions, observers say.
"The report confirms the overwhelming majority of the scientific opinion regarding pollinator health - that this is a complex issue affected by many factors," said Christian Maus, of Bayer pharmaceuticals in a statement to AP. "Protecting pollinators and providing a growing population with safe, abundant food will require collaboration." Bayer produces neonicotinoid pesticides.
Research has linked the use of neonicotinoids on certain crops to declining honeybee populations. The report points to agricultural pesticide management as a key area of concern for pollinators.
"Pesticides, particularly insecticides, have been demonstrated to have a broad range of lethal and sub-lethal effects on pollinators in controlled experimental conditions," said the report.
The report also highlights monoculture agriculture, with wide swaths of farmland supporting a single crop, as another source of woe for pollinators. In England, the government pays farmers to plant wildflowers in their hedgerows, British scientist Robert Watson told AP. In the US, the newly formed Pollinator Health Task Force is also looking into ways to encourage farmers to diversify plants grown on agricultural lands.
This problem is exacerbated by the growing dependency of human agriculture on pollinators like honeybees, which produces 1.6 million tons of honey every year. In the past fifty years, the amount of human agriculture reliant on pollinators has risen by 300 per cent.
In England, where one quarter of the bumblebee species is threatened, those same species are the ones that are most sensitive to climate change.
Europe has lost two species of bumblebees to extinction thus far. The US has lost one.
How can humans help fix the problem? Besides being aware of the factors that lead to pollinator decline, such as the use of pesticides, global warming, and a lack of crop diversity, individuals can take steps to help slow the pollinator decline. Even planting small gardens with flowers, or like English farmers, planting wildflowers along field borders, could help the pollinator population out.
The bottom line is that something must be done. "If we want to say we can feed the world in 2050, pollinators are going to be part of that," Dennis van Engelsdorp, a bee expert at the University of Maryland, told AP.