London - The 48-year-old Australian is still fighting a US bid to extradite him from Britain.
"We write this open letter, as medical doctors, to express our serious concerns about the physical and mental health of Julian Assange," the doctors said in their 16-page open letter.
They said they had "concerns about Assange's fitness" to go through the full extradition hearing, which is set for February.
"Mr Assange requires urgent expert medical assessment of both his physical and psychological state of health," the wrote.
"Any medical treatment indicated should be administered in a properly equipped and expertly staffed university teaching hospital (tertiary care).
"Were such urgent assessment and treatment not to take place, we have real concerns, on the evidence currently available, that Mr Assange could die in prison. The medical situation is thereby urgent. There is no time to lose."
The doctors are from the United States, Australia, Britain, Sweden, Italy, Germany, Sri Lanka, Poland.
At his first appearance in public for six months, in a court hearing last month, Assange seemed frail.
He also appeared confused whenever he was asked to talk at Westminster Magistrates' Court in London.
He seemed to have difficulties recalling his birth date, and at the end of the hearing told District Judge Vanessa Baraitser that he had not understood what had happened in court.
He also complained about the conditions in which he was being kept in Belmarsh.
It was his first public appearance since being dramatically dragged from Ecuador's embassy in April.
Swedish prosecutors said last Tuesday they had dropped their investigation into a 2010 rape allegation, even though they found the plaintiff's claim "credible".