7 risks behind IMF global growth outlook of economic doom

A perfect storm of doom has been pummelling the global economy in recent months, undermining global growth expectations, but the IMF on Tuesday warned the worst-case scenario is plausible, which would cut growth to one of the lowest levels in the past five decades.

If these seven risks to the outlook occur, global growth could fall to just 2.0 per cent in 2023:

Risk 1

Europe has a gas problem: In the wake of the Russian incursion of Ukraine, the report notes that since April, Russian pipeline gas shipped to Europe has fallen to about 40 percent of the previous year's level.

European Union governments in particular have accused Moscow of squeezing supplies in retaliation for Western sanctions over its war.

The pain is not expected to let up anytime soon, and the IMF predicts volume will "decline further."

Worst case scenario? A total cessation of exports in 2022 could increase worldwide inflation and force energy rationing in Europe, with subsequent growth reduction and "negative cross-border spillovers."

Risk 2

At every turn, the troubled outlook seems to circle back to Ukraine. Supply-related shocks have sent food and energy prices higher, spurring inflation and prompting governments to raise borrowing costs to tamp down demand.

In a worst-case scenario, central bank actions could precipitate recession even as costs simultaneously rise, creating a scenario known as stagflation.

Wage-price spirals also are a possibility with low unemployment in several economies prompting workers to demand higher pay.

If policymakers fail to handle the situation deftly, they could cause further complications.

However, inflation is expected to return to near pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2024.

Risk 3

Central Banks are carrying out a delicate balancing act in their attempts to prevent contraction by raising interest rates quickly. What happens if they blunder?

Recession -- and the likelihood is rising.

"The risk of recession is particularly prominent in 2023," the IMF said.

"In several economies growth is expected to bottom out, household savings accumulated during the pandemic will have declined, and even small shocks could cause economies to stall," the report warned.

Risk 4

Debt dynamics are expected to worsen in advanced economies as borrowers face rising interest rates and low growth, but distress in emerging markets and developing economies is especially worrying.

As advanced economies raise interest rates to fight inflation, lending costs will increase, putting the pressure on governments forced to borrow to support their economies during the pandemic, while at the same time their currencies will depreciate, as capital floods out of those countries.

The IMF estimates that 60 per cent of low-income countries are already "in or at high risk of government debt distress."

Risk 5

Progress in the face of China's ongoing Covid outbreaks, including fiscal support and reworking of Beijing's zero-Covid strategy, offers some signs of hope in the world's second largest economy.