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As heat deaths rise in US, some landlords oppose right to air conditioning

Now, America's two largest population centers – New York City and Los Angeles County – are proposing new indoor temperature maximums for renters

Summers in New York City are difficult for Anthony Gay and his family. A small, portable air conditioner in his bedroom is the only relief they have from soaring temperatures in their Brooklyn rental.

"The rest of the apartment is literally unbearable to walk through," said Gay, 40, whose asthmatic son struggles to breathe in the heat.

Heat can be a killer. An estimated 350 New Yorkers die prematurely each year because of extreme heat, according to the city's 2024 Heat-Related Mortality Report. Lack of access to air conditioning at home is the most important risk factor in such deaths, it said.

Yet, across the United States, about 12 per cent of homes – or about 12.7 million households – had no access to air conditioning in 2020, according to the most recent government data. Many more had some air conditioning, like Gay, but not enough to beat the heat.

Most often, homes with little or no air conditioning are occupied by low-income residents – often renters — and people of colour, a 2022 Boston University analysis of 115 US metro areas found.

That leaves them vulnerable as climate change makes heatwaves more frequent, more intense and longer lasting. Heat stress now kills more people globally each year than any other weather-related cause, according to the World Health Organisation — and many of these deaths occur indoors.

A Reuters survey of housing regulations in all 50 US states found that, while nearly half of them require landlords to maintain existing air conditioning units, none require that air-conditioning be provided. Nor do rental housing regulations describe air-conditioning as an essential service like plumbing, heat and electricity.

However, a small but growing number of US states, cities and counties have adopted legislation that impose maximum indoor temperature standards on rental housing.

In the last five years, six US localities, including New Orleans and Clark County, Nevada, have adopted such cooling laws, compared with just seven in the previous two decades, according to Reuters' review of property codes and interviews with more than a dozen policymakers and housing officials.

Now, America's two largest population centers – New York City and Los Angeles County — as well as Austin, Texas, are proposing new indoor temperature maximums for renters.

New York is proposing a cap of 78 Fahrenheit (26 degrees Celsius), and Austin is considering 85 Fahrenheit (29 C), while LA County has yet to formalize its target. New York City and Austin's proposals would require that landlords install cooling systems, given the difficulty of retrofitting old building stock to allow for better air flow and other passive measures.

The moves are setting up a showdown with powerful landlord lobbies.

Similar bills in other jurisdictions — California, Texas and Hot Springs, Arkansas — have failed in recent years after landlords' groups told policymakers they would need to raise rents to compensate for the costs of upgrading home electrical systems and adding air conditioning.

The California Apartment Association landlord lobby does not support a cooling mandate "until we can find a way to make sure that we don't knock out our electrical system and make the cost so exorbitant," said Debra Carlton, the group's executive vice president of state public affairs.

A 2022 statewide bill died following landlord push back. The California Legislature instead asked state experts to craft recommendations, which were published this June, suggesting an indoor maximum of 82 F (28 C) for newly-constructed units only.

A law in New York City might have a better chance as Mayor Eric Adams made establishing a summer indoor temperature policy by 2030 one of the goals for his administration. His office remains "committed" to the 2023 plan, a City Hall spokesperson told Reuters.

A bill proposed in July would require rental homes be kept at 78 F or lower once outside temperatures hit 82 F or above – a regular occurrence during New York summers.

If approved, the measure would impact some 750,000 renters who do not have air-conditioning, according to Council member Lincoln Restler, who sponsored the bill.

"There's an urgency to this legislation," he said. "Heat is the No. 1 climate killer, and it's only getting worse."

Restler said the bill would allow four years for landlords to make energy efficiency and electrical upgrades.

While air conditioning accounts for about four per cent of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions, which fuel climate change, research shows it also saves lives. A 2016 study estimated a 75 per cent drop in the number of US heat-related deaths on hot days during the latter half of the 20th century after AC was introduced, according to findings published in the Journal of Political Economy.

Heat-related deaths are undercounted globally, epidemiologists say. The United Nations, in a report this year, said that modelled estimates suggest that between 2000 and 2019, approximately 489,000 heat-related deaths occurred each year, with nearly half of those in Asia.

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that heat-related deaths have been increasing, with approximately 2,302 in 2023 versus 1,602 two years previously. However, that data only includes death certificates that specifically mention heat and is regarded by many experts as a dramatic undercount.

One of the few places to track indoor and outdoor heat-related deaths is Maricopa County in Arizona, where temperatures regularly top 110 F (43 C). Despite two of its cities – Phoenix and Tempe – passing maximum indoor temperature laws, the county registered 156 indoor heat-related deaths last year, a five-fold increase over the last decade.

Although the trend is bleak, in 2023 Phoenix and Tempe fared better than cities in the county without cooling laws. Indoor deaths accounted for 21 per cent of Phoenix's heat-related deaths and 17 per cent of Tempe's, compared with a county average of 24 per cent - and more than 32 per cent in the cities of Scottsdale and Mesa, public health data showed.

Record-breaking heat waves in recent years have spurred some new legislation.

Following the 2021 heat dome that hit the Pacific Northwest, the US state of Oregon in 2022 and Spokane, Washington, in 2024 approved measures to limit landlords' ability to stop tenants from installing their own air-conditioners over concerns about liability or utility bills.

But many of America's warmest cities and states are struggling to pass laws on safe temperatures.

The Arkansas mountain city of Hot Springs last year abandoned a proposal for cooling standards in rental units after receiving complaints from landlord groups, said Phyllis Beard, a member of the city's board of directors.

In an August 2023 email sent to the board, reviewed by Reuters, Hot Springs landlords said the proposal would "hurt the most vulnerable in our community by making affordable housing difficult if not impossible to provide".

Upgrading a single-family US home to a central air-conditioning system generally costs between $5,000 and $10,000, according to figures from the American Society of Home Inspectors, while an in-window unit costs around $400 on top of electrical upgrades for older homes to support the unit. This can run between $2,000 and $3,000, the California Apartment Association said.

And while the Texas cities of Dallas, El Paso and Houston have set indoor temperature standards, a statewide bill stalled last year after opposition from the Texas Apartment Association, house representative Sheryl Cole told local media. The city of Austin is now mulling new rules.

In muggy Florida, Democratic State Senator Jason Pizzo, a real estate developer, said that he had spoken with Florida landlord associations and was confident his state would pass an air-conditioning requirement within the next two years, despite seeing four previous attempts fizzle since 2021.

Pizzo argued that, with Florida's mold-encouraging humidity, air-conditioning makes good economic sense, protecting not only a building's residents but also the building itself: "air-conditioning is a dehumidifying, property damage-protecting instrument".

The Florida Apartment Association, which says it represents more than three-quarters of apartment homes in the state, did not respond to a request for comment.

In LA County, the board of supervisors – its five-member governing body - is expected to vote later this year on a bill that could impact the county's 3.4 million households, more than half of whom are renters.

"There once was a time where we realized that people dying of the cold indoors is something that we needed to regulate," said L.A. County supervisor Lindsey Horvath who put forward the motion. Many U.S. jurisdictions require that rental housing can meet minimum indoor temperatures: California state law stipulates a minimum of 70 F (21 C).

"Now with the way that the climate has shifted, we also have to think about those higher," she said.

By mid-century, central Los Angeles is expected to experience three times more days of temperatures above 95 F than it did between 1981 and 2000.

Some California tenant groups worried that passing laws to force apartment upgrades could lead to evictions followed by higher rents – as the state's eviction law allows landlords to remove tenants if a home renovation requires a permit and will take more than 30 days or is considered "unsafe". L.A. County landlord associations also said they were gearing up to fight, and cited reasons from costs to liability to aesthetics.

Poorly installed window AC units "could fall on people," Daniel Yukelson, executive director of the Apartment Association of Greater Los Angeles, told Reuters. He also criticised such window units as "kind of unsightly".