South Korea martial law: From declaring to lifting; all you need to know

Besides banning political activity and restricting the media, the decree also ordered striking doctors back to work

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South Korea's National Assembly Speaker Woo Won-shik passes a resolution demanding the immediate lifting of martial law at the National Assembly in Seoul on December 4, 2024, after South Korea President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law. (Photo: AFP)

By Agencies

Published: Wed 4 Dec 2024, 8:07 AM

Last updated: Wed 4 Dec 2024, 9:58 AM

South Koreans were shocked on Tuesday when President Yoon Suk Yeol said in an unannounced live TV broadcast that he was declaring martial law - then reversed course just hours later.

After initial confusion over exactly what measures would be taken, the South Korean military released a decree banning protests and activity by parliament and political parties, and placing media under government control.

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Few of those steps appeared to have been implemented before 190 of the National Assembly's 300 members defied police and military cordons to vote against the declaration, which Yoon then promised to lift.

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Why did Yoon declare martial law?

Yoon said opposition parties had taken the parliamentary process hostage.

"I declare martial law to protect the free Republic of Korea from the threat of North Korean communist forces, to eradicate the despicable pro-North Korean anti-state forces that are plundering the freedom and happiness of our people, and to protect the free constitutional order," Yoon said.

Yoon did not cite any specific threat from the nuclear-armed North, instead focusing on his domestic political opponents.

He complained of 22 impeachment motions filed against administration officials since he took office in May 2022.

The president's approval ratings have hovered near record lows amid a burgeoning influence peddling scandal and clashes with the opposition-controlled parliament over budgets and investigations.

What steps did the military take?

The military named Army Chief of Staff General Park An-su, a four-star general, to head a martial law command and released the decree effective at 11 p.m. on Tuesday.

Besides banning political activity and restricting the media, the decree also ordered striking doctors back to work.

Those who violate martial law could be arrested without a warrant, it said.

Masked martial law troops equipped with rifles, body armour and night-vision equipment entered the National Assembly where they faced off with staffers who opposed them with fire extinguishers.

As of early Wednesday there was no outward sign of government control of media outlets, which continued to report throughout the crisis.

Foreign response

Thousands of demonstrators gathered outside the parliament where there were minor clashes with police and military.

Lawmakers gathered to vote against martial law, as both opposition lawmakers and leaders of Yoon's own party decried it as unconstitutional.

All 190 of the lawmakers present voted to lift martial law. Yoon gave another address announcing that troops had been pulled back and that he would lift the decree after convening a cabinet meeting as soon as possible.

Some foreign embassies in Seoul warned their citizens to take caution.

Officials in the United States, Britain, Germany, and elsewhere said they were concerned about the developments and said peaceful rule of law should prevail.

What happened to financial markets?

South Korea's finance ministry said on Wednesday it was ready to deploy "unlimited" liquidity into financial markets after President Yoon Suk Yeol lifted a martial law declaration he imposed overnight that pushed the won to multi-year lows.

The announcement came after Finance Minister Choi Sang-mok and Bank of Korea Governor Rhee Chang-yong held emergency talks overnight, and as the central bank board abruptly met to approve rescue measures for the local credit market.

While financial markets found their footing in Wednesday trade, with the won higher and stocks trimming some losses, investors remain wary about longer-term political stability in South Korea, which has been seeking to make its markets more global.

"All financial, FX markets as well as stock markets will operate normally," the government said in a statement.

"We will inject unlimited liquidity into stocks, bonds, short-term money market as well as forex market for the time being until they are fully normalised."

How was it lifted?

South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol abandoned a short-lived attempt to impose martial law on Wednesday after lawmakers defied security forces to vote against his declaration and thousands of protesters took to the streets.

South Korea's main opposition party – whose lawmakers jumped fences and tussled with security forces so they could vote to overturn the law – demanded that Yoon step down immediately over the attempted "insurrection".

The nation's largest umbrella labour union also called an "indefinite general strike" until Yoon resigned.

And the leader of Yoon's own ruling party described the attempt as "tragic" while calling for those involved to be held accountable.

Yoon backed down after lawmakers voted to oppose the declaration, which he made late on Tuesday night citing the threat of North Korea and "anti-state forces".

"Just a moment ago, there was a demand from the National Assembly to lift the state of emergency, and we have withdrawn the military that was deployed for martial law operations," Yoon said in a televised address around 4.30am (1930 GMT Tuesday).

"We will accept the National Assembly's request and lift the martial law through the Cabinet meeting."

Yonhap news agency then reported that Yoon's cabinet had approved the motion to lift the order.

What next?

Opposition lawmakers called on Yoon to resign or face impeachment. His chief of staff and other officials offered to resign en masse, while the leader of his ruling party called for the defence minister to be fired and the entire cabinet to resign.

More protests are expected with South Korea's largest union coalition, the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, planning to hold a rally in Seoul and vowing to strike until Yoon resigns.

Diplomatic engagements, including a visit by the prime minister of Sweden and a meeting of the US-South Korea Nuclear Consultative Group, were postponed.

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Agencies

Published: Wed 4 Dec 2024, 8:07 AM

Last updated: Wed 4 Dec 2024, 9:58 AM

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