"A 29-year-old man, who is believed to have been attending prayers, was arrested inside the mosque on suspicion of attempted murder," they added in a statement.
Pictures posted on Twitter showed police officers restraining a man in the prayer hall of the mosque, near Regents Park, and leading him away.
A witness said around 100 worshippers were in the mosque hall at the time of the attack and that roughly 20 people jumped on the assailant.
"I heard screaming," said the witness, who declined to give his full name, "and then we saw the blood."
He said the victim was stabbed on top of his shoulder by a man who had been attending the mosque for about six months before Thursday's incident.
- Boris Johnson (@BorisJohnson) February 20, 2020
Prime Minister Boris Johnson said he was deeply saddened to hear of the attack.
"It's so awful that this should happen, especially in a place of worship. My thoughts are with the victim and all those affected," Johnson said on Twitter.